Deterrence is a fundamental pillar of international relations, a strategy designed to shape the behaviour of adversaries through the credible threat of imposing unacceptable costs or denying strategic benefits. Rooted in the theoretical framework of realism, which conceives of the international system as anarchic and states as rational actors that
Abstract
La inteligencia artificial (IA) en China constituye un proyecto estratégico que trasciende la innovación tecnológica para convertirse en un instrumento de transformación económica, geopolítica y social. Este estudio ofrece un análisis exhaustivo y multidisciplinar del ecosistema de IA en China, trazando sus orígenes históricos, la interacción entre los actores
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in China constitutes a strategic project that transcends technological innovation to become an instrument of economic, geopolitical, and social transformation. This study provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary analysis of China’s AI ecosystem, tracing its historical origins, the interplay between public and private actors, financial and
La disuasión es un pilar fundamental de las relaciones internacionales, una estrategia diseñada para moldear el comportamiento de adversarios mediante la amenaza creíble de imponer costos inaceptables o negar beneficios estratégicos. Enraizada en el marco teórico del realismo, que concibe el sistema internacional como anárquico y los Estados como actores
Introduction
China's economic rise in the 21st century is one of the most transformative phenomena in the global economy, challenging traditional categories of socialism and capitalism. This hybrid model, characterised by powerful state intervention combined with market dynamism, has captured the attention of academics and analysts around the
Introducción
El ascenso económico de China en el siglo XXI constituye uno de los fenómenos más transformadores de la economía global, desafiando las categorías tradicionales de socialismo y capitalismo. Este modelo híbrido, caracterizado por una potente intervención estatal combinada con un dinamismo de mercado, ha captado la atención de académicos
Russia's Shadow Fleet is a sophisticated maritime system designed to circumvent international sanctions imposed after the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This mechanism, which allows Russia to maintain the flow of its energy exports and other sanctioned goods, has transformed global maritime trade by operating outside international
Introduction
Diammonium phosphate (DAP), whose chemical name is diammonium phosphate and whose formula is (NH₄)₂HPO₄, is a highly efficient fertiliser widely used in modern agriculture.
It is obtained from a reaction between phosphoric acid and ammonia, resulting in a crystalline or granular compound that is soluble in water and
