Executive Summary
Operation Sindoor, conducted between 7 and 10 May 2025, represents a decisive moment in the history of contemporary air combat. This four-day confrontation between India and Pakistan, two nuclear powers with a long history of military confrontations, transformed into the largest beyond visual range combat engagement ever documented
Resumen Ejecutivo
La Operación Sindoor, desarrollada entre el 7 y el 10 de mayo de 2025, representa un momento decisivo en la historia del combate aéreo contemporáneo. Este enfrentamiento de cuatro días entre India y Pakistán, dos potencias nucleares con un largo historial de confrontaciones bélicas, se transformó en el
Introduction
This dossier arises from a demanding premise: hypersonic weapons have ceased to be a laboratory promise and have become real instruments of power, whose understanding requires crossing disciplinary boundaries—materials physics, propulsion and aerodynamics; the political economy of supply chains; employment doctrine and command–control; international law and governance—
Deterrence is a fundamental pillar of international relations, a strategy designed to shape the behaviour of adversaries through the credible threat of imposing unacceptable costs or denying strategic benefits. Rooted in the theoretical framework of realism, which conceives of the international system as anarchic and states as rational actors that
Abstract
La inteligencia artificial (IA) en China constituye un proyecto estratégico que trasciende la innovación tecnológica para convertirse en un instrumento de transformación económica, geopolítica y social. Este estudio ofrece un análisis exhaustivo y multidisciplinar del ecosistema de IA en China, trazando sus orígenes históricos, la interacción entre los actores
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in China constitutes a strategic project that transcends technological innovation to become an instrument of economic, geopolitical, and social transformation. This study provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary analysis of China’s AI ecosystem, tracing its historical origins, the interplay between public and private actors, financial and
La disuasión es un pilar fundamental de las relaciones internacionales, una estrategia diseñada para moldear el comportamiento de adversarios mediante la amenaza creíble de imponer costos inaceptables o negar beneficios estratégicos. Enraizada en el marco teórico del realismo, que concibe el sistema internacional como anárquico y los Estados como actores
Introduction
China's economic rise in the 21st century is one of the most transformative phenomena in the global economy, challenging traditional categories of socialism and capitalism. This hybrid model, characterised by powerful state intervention combined with market dynamism, has captured the attention of academics and analysts around the
